Author(s): Devinder S. Sodhi

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Abstract: In the cold region, it is common for a floating ice sheet, driven by wind and/or water drag forces, to ride up or pile up on the shores of rivers, lakes and seas. In a pile-up event, an intact ice sheet shoves itself into a pile of ice blocks, resulting in breaking of ice sheet into blocks and deformation of rubble pile (Figure 1). Observations of ice pile up and ride up have been recorded for a long time, and sometimes such ice movements have damaged structures and riprap shore protection. Early efforts to estimate forces required to form an ice pile up dealt with mass balance and increase in gravitational potential energy, and simple model were presented to estimate forces to overcome frictional forces. Advances made in numerical methods, such as discrete element modeling (DEM) and particle-in-cell (PIC), led to detailed accounting of breakage of intact ice sheet and frictional forces in a rubble pile. Results from DEM indicate that the total energy is 7-10 times the increase in gravitational potential energy during formation of an ice-rubble pile. Comparisons of results from DEM and physical modeling are good, except for more accumulation of ice blocks under water in DEM in comparison to that from observed during physical modeling.

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Year: 2014