Author(s): Torkild Carstens
Linked Author(s): Torkild Carstens
Keywords: No Keywords
Abstract: A survey is presented of ice in estuaries and harbours, primarily viewed as an obstacle to shipping. The possibilities for manipulation are explored, end the present state of predictive modelling is discussed. Results of model simulations for the somewhat special case of two-layer fjords with narrow mouths are given. The purpose was to determine the required dilution of freshwater with warm and salt fjord water to suppress freezing. These studies were made to avoid adverse ice conditions due to hydropower schemes involving increased winter discharge of fresh water. Provided warm water is available in sufficient quantities, forced entrainment into the upper layer is feasible by several methods which are discussed. Forced mixing may work well for the estuary as a whole or locally for harbour basins. Some special harbour ice problems are mentioned and optimism is expressed regarding their solution.
Year: 1978