Author(s): R. Ettema; E. W. Kempema
Linked Author(s): Edward Kempema
Keywords: No Keywords
Abstract: Many alluvial rivers are characterized by low discharges of water and bed sediment during late fall and early winter when initial ice covers form. Yet, the initial stages of ice formation may be periods of enhanced coarse sediment transport if anchor ice forms. This paper presents observations of anchor ice formation on river beds, discusses how and where anchor ice forms, and describes sediment transport (ice rafting) by anchor ice. Anchor ice commonly forms and releases via an evening and early morning diurnal cycle of water cooling and warming. When released, anchor ice is capable of ice rafting silt through to boulder-size bed sediment downstream through low-velocity stream sub-reaches.
Year: 2009