Author(s): H. R. Kivisild
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Abstract: Ice cover has affected greatly the development of northern countries. Open water transportation has been seriously hampered. River crossings have become serious obstacles. River and lake ice have caused dangerous floodings. On the other hand over-ice transportation has opened new possibilities. Floating ice has been studied to reduce the dangers from ice masses. Ice structures have been built in northern waters utilizing ice as a material. Ice studies have greatly benefitted from tests of mechanical ice properties at unchanged ambient conditions. Many ice engineering problems need the knowledge of ice properties through the depth of ice. For these aims various in-situ testing methods have been developed. Full scale testing of replicas gave many insights for ice engineering but has been cumbersome. For more general use the testing of ice properties against the walls of boreholes has given many benefits. The borehole jack has proven to be a successful testing method to carry out in ice testing in boreholes. The aim of the borehole test development was the determination of ice strength and rheological properties at various depths. The applications of the borehole jack and its precursors have added a new dimension to ice engineering. Experience with the borehole jack has also led to the introduction of further testing systems. The increasing body of its applications has allowed to introduce modified features and to use new methods for the interpretion of the results.
Year: 1992